| Latest Civics / Political Science NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 8th to 12th) | |||||||||||||||||||
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Latest Class 8th Civics NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A
1. The Indian Constitution
This chapter introduces the **Constitution of India**, the foundational legal document governing the country. It explains the importance of a constitution in defining the rules, principles, and structure of a state. Key features like **federalism**, **parliamentary form of government**, separation of powers (legislature, executive, judiciary), and **Fundamental Rights** (guaranteed to citizens) are discussed. The chapter highlights how the Constitution provides a framework for democratic governance and protects citizens' rights, ensuring a diverse nation like India functions unitedly.
2. Understanding Secularism
This chapter explores the concept of **secularism**, particularly as it is understood and practiced in **India**. It explains that a secular state is one that does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion. In India, secularism means maintaining a principled distance from religion, allowing all citizens the freedom to practice their religion, and ensuring that the state does not discriminate on the basis of religion. This concept is crucial for fostering religious harmony and equality among India's diverse religious communities.
3. Parliament and the Making of Laws
This chapter introduces the **Parliament of India**, the supreme legislative body, and its crucial role in making laws for the country. It explains the structure of the Parliament, comprising the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The process of how a bill is introduced and passed to become a law is detailed. The chapter highlights the Parliament's functions in representing the people's will, controlling the executive, and overseeing governance in India's democratic framework.
4. Judiciary
This chapter focuses on the **Judiciary** in India, the system of courts that administers justice. It discusses the structure of the Indian judiciary, which is integrated and independent, with the **Supreme Court** at the apex, followed by High Courts at the state level and various subordinate courts. The chapter explains the vital functions of the judiciary, including upholding the law, ensuring justice, resolving disputes, protecting fundamental rights, and interpreting the Constitution. The independence of the judiciary is highlighted as essential for its effective functioning and safeguarding democracy.
5. Understanding Marginalisation
This chapter introduces the concept of **marginalisation**, explaining how certain individuals or groups are pushed to the edges or fringes of society, facing social exclusion and disadvantages. It discusses how groups like **Adivasis** (tribal communities), **Dalits** (formerly untouchables), religious minorities, and the poor often experience marginalisation due to various factors (social, economic, cultural). Understanding marginalisation is crucial to recognizing inequality and injustice within society and the need for interventions to ensure inclusion and equal opportunities for all citizens in India.
6. Confronting Marginalisation
Building on the previous chapter, this chapter explores the various ways **marginalisation** is addressed and challenged in India. It discusses the efforts by marginalized communities themselves, through social movements and advocacy. The chapter highlights the role of the state, including **constitutional provisions** (like reservations) and specific **laws** aimed at protecting the rights and promoting the welfare of marginalized groups (e.g., SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act). It showcases how collective action and legal frameworks are used to confront discrimination and strive for social justice and equality in India.
7. Public Facilities
This chapter discusses **public facilities**, which are essential services provided by the government for the benefit of all citizens, such as water supply, sanitation, healthcare, education, and electricity. It explains why these facilities are crucial for people's basic needs and quality of life. The chapter highlights the government's role and responsibility in ensuring adequate provision of these facilities. It also addresses the challenges of unequal access to public facilities across different regions and social groups in India, raising questions about equity and universal access.
8. Law and Social Justice
This chapter explores the link between **law** and **social justice**, discussing how laws can be used as tools to protect the weak, prevent exploitation, and promote fairness and equality in society. It examines how the state can enact and enforce laws to regulate economic activities and working conditions (e.g., minimum wages $\textsf{₹}$), protect the environment, and ensure social welfare. The chapter highlights how laws can contribute to achieving social justice by safeguarding the rights of marginalized groups and ensuring that all citizens are treated with dignity and equality under the law in India.